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Engine notitia ratio
Author Mahamad Suleman Nadaf
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ego ntroduction
Systemata systemata structi et structi analysin systematis de Engineering informationis systematis programmatis. Articulus hic compages chart continet, data e icones EIS fluxus continet. Processionaliter informationes circa machinam mensurae et effectus haec includunt mensurae physicae quae est dimensio geometrica machinae ut diametri cylindrici, longitudinis pistonis ictu, cylindri voluminis et machinae aestimationes ut efficientiam, horsepower, compressionem proportionis, caloris staterae linteum. Structura chartae EIS ad munus ordinatum designandum graphice per chartis structuram designari potest. Coniunctio programma componitur ex modulorum illius programmatis ad connexiones inter modulos colligendas. Omnis programma computatrale structuram habet quam structuram eius determinari potest per chartulam programmatis structuram graphicam repraesentationem structurae eius. In structura chart moduli per nomen moduli in arca scriptum repraesentatur. Modulus functionis systematis (Aut quaestio domain vel solutionis domain) repraesentari potest per schematisma data (DFD). Data exemplandi fluxus substructio saepe refertur ad analysin structuram technicam quae utitur functione compositionis fundatae, dum ad problematum formatur. De functione quae in problemate regio versatur et notitia ab his muneribus consumta et producta est. Actio summo-down subtilitas est quae primitus analyseos specificatio structa appellata est et proponebatur ad specificationem producendam. Systema designans modulus designans includit quae in chartis structurae structurae et datae schematis fluunt. Designing input this is data entry section this is solicited to logic of the programme what data has to be entered in input fields example engine number, no cylindrorum, cylindri diametri etc. hi sunt input agros. Designans output this section dat proventus computatos relationes sunt pars designationis sectionis output. Exitus sunt calculi proventus digestus notitiarum grapharum collectarum digestorum etc. EIS tradit rationes machinae mensurae et effectus ut rationes geometricae, horse potentiae, efficientiae, compressionis ratio et calor staterae schedae.
Haec charta technica ad programmatum machinarum informationis pertinens est. Illustrat quomodo logica programmandi ad programmata explicanda et formulae mathematicae ad machinam perficiendam computandam adhibita sint. Systematis systematis structi et analysi systematis structi EIS descriptionem de systematibus systematis structuris et elaboratis analysi modulorum modulorum programmatis in programmate programmate programmate dat. Software est a programmatibus computatralibus. Computatrum programmata instructiones computatoribus ad operas specificas praestandas. EIS constat ex copia programmatum diversorum quae machinis perficiendi computaturi sunt et dat optatum output. Software est ad designandum et explicandum secundum actualem rationem ac necessitatem effectionis optatae. Exitus sunt calculi proventus numerorum collectorum graphorum digestorum informationum etc. EIS tradit rationes machinae mensurae et effectus ut geometricae dimensiones, horsepower, efficientiae, compressionis ratio et calor staterae linteamen. Processus cognoscendi, exemplandi et documenti tradendi quomodo notitia circa systema informatici movetur, appellaturque notitia fluxus. Data fluunt exemplando actiones processus examinat, quae notitias ab uno in aliud datas transfundunt (areas pro notitia tenentes) res externas (quod notitias mittit in systema vel notitias ex systemate accipit) et notitia itinera fluit quibus notitia fluere potest. Unitas potentiae autocineti est ea pars vel pars quae potentiam ad automobile depellendum efficit. Plerumque in forma combustionis internae machinae currens in petrol vel pellentesque. Natura et ratio probationum agendae pendent a variis factoribus, quarum aliquae sunt gradus evolutionis particularis consilii et accurationis necessaria pecunia parata ad naturam societatis fabricandi et consilium consilium. Propositum machinae currens est ut potentiam mechanicam obtineat. Discrimen inter indicata horsepower et autocinetum fregit output engine est frictio horsepower. Fere variabiliter interest inter bona machinam et malam machinam propter differentiam inter damna frictiva. Compressionis ratio in gradu combustionis internae machinalis est, cui mixtio cibus ante ignitionem comprimitur.
2. Structure chart
2.1. Modelling
Structure chart SC in software engineering is a chart which shows the breakdown of system to its lowest manageable levels. They are used in structured programming to arrange programming modules into tree. Each module is represented by a box which contains module name. The tree structure visualizes the relationships between modules. The structure chart is top down modular. Design tool constructed of squares representing the different modules in the system and lines that connect them. In structure analysis structure charts are used to specify the high-level design or architecture of a computer program. Computer program is usually a collection of instructions that can be executed by a computer to perform a specific task. Programmers use a structure chart to build a program in a manner similar to how an architect uses a blueprint to build a house. Represent hierarchical structure of modules. It breaks down the entire system into lowest functional modules to describe functions and sub-functions of each module of a system to a greater detail. Structure Chart partitions the system into black boxes (functionality of the system is known to the users but inner details are unknown). Inputs are given to the black boxes and appropriate outputs are generated. Modules at top level are called modules at low level. Components are read from top to bottom and left to right. When a module calls another, it views the called module as black box, passing required parameters and receiving results. Structure diagrams are all diagrams that model a static component of a system where data changes but not the structures of the elements and their relationships with each other. Data objects are either produced or consumed by the system. During the evaluation and solution synthesis the analyst creates modules of the systems in an effort to understand data and control flow functional processing and operational behavior. These models serve as foundation for software design as the basis of creations of software specifications area of effort is specification. Software requirement specification is document and is producing the functional behavior architectural interface and performance related requirement of the user.
2.2. Engine database file.
Where data is going to be stored after processing the engine’s information. Engine details are identified by unique identification like vehicle or engine make, model or engine number. In this technical paper engine details are identified by engine number.
2.3. Engine
An engine is a module which contains 3 modules see figure 1.
1. Add
2. Update
3. Delete
Figure 1 Structure chart of Engine information system.
2.3.1. Add module
This program module adds the records to database after processing engine’s information. “Add” is having many fields engine number cylinder bore diameter, length of the stroke etc. Data has to be entered in these fields after entering the required data into fields “Add” program computes engine performance send the output to database. Processed records are stored in database file.
2.3.2. Update module
This program module does same as “Add” if you want to make any changes to existing record you can change here based on the engine number primary field or key field. Whenever you want you can fetch the record and can make the changes once the engine number is added that cannot be changed. Based on this field related data can be changed in the update module.
2.3.3. Delete module
This module is used to delete records. Based on engine number fetch the record and delete the entire record including engine number.
2.3.4. Reports
This module produces reports of processed information of engine performance.
1. Single Engine
2. Geometrical dimensions
3. Horsepower
4. Efficiency
5. Compression ratio
6. Heat balance sheet
2.3.5. Single Engine
The report for each engine is going to be displayed on one page.
2.3.6. Geometrical dimensions
A report of geometrical dimensions based on engine number is going to be displayed for multiple engines.
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Engine displacement
-
Swept volume
-
Cylinder volume
-
Clearance volume
-
Cross section of the piston
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2.3.7. Horsepower
A report of the horsepower of the engine based on engine numbers is going to be displayed for multiple engines. Tax horsepower
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Indicated horsepower
-
Brake horsepower
-
Friction horsepower
2.3.8. Efficiency
This module gives a report of efficiency based on engine numbers for multiple engines.
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Mechanical efficiency
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Brake thermal efficiency
-
Indicated thermal efficiency
-
Compression ratio
2.3.9. Compression ratio
This module gives the report of compression ratio. See table 7.
2.3.10. Heat balance Sheet
This module gives information about total heat utilized. The heat produced inside the engine cylinder is not fully utilized to do the external work. Some of the heat is carried away by the engine cooling system, exhaust gases and radiation. These heat losses reduce the thermal efficiency of the engine. Frictional losses are also there which consume about 10% of the total heat produced. About 20% of the heat produced is utilized for turning the wheels. During a specified period (usually a minute), the total heat produced inside the cylinder must be equal to the sum of the various heat losses that are utilized for useful work. All these items, when recorded in a tabular form, constitute what we call a heat balance sheet. See table 1.
3. Data flow diagram
Data flow diagram illustrates how data is processed by a system in terms of inputs and outputs. As it’s name indicates, it focuses on the flow of information where data comes, where data goes, where it stores. They are graphical representation of data flow through a system or sub system used to model information system are used to graphically represent the flow of data in an information system describes the process that is involved in a system to transfer data from the input to the file storage and reports generation
3.1 Software requirement analysis
It is the process of collecting, understanding, modeling and documenting the software requirements which are essential to
develop high quality software. Mostly the software engineer is responsible for the task of software requirement analysis but in case of complex system this task is performed by the specialist commonly referred to as system analyst. It is the job of system analyst to extract exact requirements from the particular area of automotive engineering and specify them in a manner in which these requirements can be translated into design.
3.2. DFD de Engine notitia ratio
Referre figuram 2 ex instrumenti instrumenti datorum instrumentorum instrumentorum communicationis socialis quae ad singulas machinas pertinentes ad cistas processus eunt. Processus scriniorum processus notitias processus processus notitias in machinis fasciculi datorum condere ac nuntiare pixides ad nuntia producenda. Quotiens opus novum recordum addere e fasciculo datorum recordum arcessere potest, renovatio vel instrumentum machinae particularis delere potest.
3.2.1. Computo dimensiones geometricas
Singula particularium machinarum fluit ad cistam processus " dimensiones geometricas computato engine " dimensiones geometricas computatae sunt. Processionaliter informationes in machinam fasciculi datorum condere et producere relationem ad "Renuntiationes" arca producere. Vide mensam III et IV.
3.2.2. Computo horsepower
Singula particularium machinarum fluit ad cistam processus "Compute horsepower" engine horsepower computato ut processus informationes est ad limam datorum machinam reponendam et ad relationem ad "Producam relationem" archa. Vide mensam 5 .
3.2.3. Computo efficientiam
Singula particularium machinarum fluit ad capsam processus "efficientiae computandi machinam" efficientia computata est ut processus notitiae ad fasciculi database machinam congregem et ad relationem "Producam relationes" archa producat. Vide tabulam VI.
Figurae 2 Data influunt schematismus de Engineering informationes systema
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3.2.4. Cogo ratio computa
Singula particularium machinarum fluit ad capsam processus "Ratio compressionis computandi" ratio compressionis computatur ut processus informationis est ad limam database machinam reponendam et ad relationem "Produc nuntia" arca Vide tabulam VII.
3.2.5. Generate calor statera
Singula particularium machinarum fluit ad processum cistae "Genera caloris statera sheet" calor statera sheet ut generatur sicut processit informationes est condere in machina database lima et producere relationem ad "Produce relationes" arca. Vide tabulam 1 .
3.3. Dimensiones geometricae
Figure 3
Detail data influunt diagramma processuum capsulae " dimensionum computorum geometricarum" 2. Ex machina fasciculi database machina singula singularium machinarum ad cistas procedendi. Processus scriniorum processus informationes sicut processus informationes est condere in lima database machinam et proferre relationem ad "Renuntiationes" arca. Ostensum in figura 3 et Vide tabulam 3 & 4 .
3.3.1. Engine Displacement
Details of particular engine go to "Calculate engine displacement" process box. Engine displacement is get calculi as processed information is going to store in engine database file and to produce the report to "Produce reports" box. Engine displacement has been defined as the total Volumen ab omnibus pistonibus excisum, ut ab eorum summo situ centri mortui moventur 1 .
π = 3.14
D = Diameter cylindrici, cm (1)
Longitudo plagae L = cm
N = numerus cylindrorum
3.3.2. Swept Volume
Details of particular engine go to “Calculate swept volume” process box. Swept volume is get calculated as processed information is going to store in engine database fileandto produce the report to “Produce reports” box. Swept volume is calculated as see equation 2.
π= 3.14 (2)
D = Diameter of the cylinder
L= Length of stroke
3.3. 3 Cylinder Volume
Details of particular engine go to ”Calculate cylinder volume” process box. Cylinder volume is get calculated as processed information is going to store in engine database file and to produce the report to “Produce reports “box. See equation 3.
Cylinder volume=sweptvolume + clearenceevolume
(3)
3.3.4. Clearence Volume
Details of particular engine go to “Calculate clearance volume” process box. Clearance volume is get calculated as processed information is going to store in engine database file and to produce the report to “Produce reports” box. In the cylinder volume above the piston at top dead center is the clearance volume. Clearance volume is calculated as See equation 4.
π= 3.14 (4)
D= Diameter of the cylinder
H= Height from TDC to Cylinder head
3.3.5 Cross-section of the piston
Details of particular engine go to” Calculate cross section of the piston” process box. Cross section of the piston is get calculated as processed information is going to store in engine database file and to produce the report to “Produce reports” box. See equation 5.
π= 3.14 (5)
D=bore
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3.4. Horse Power
Detail dataflow diagram of process box of “Compute horsepower” of figure 2. From engine database file engine details of particular engine go to process boxes. Process boxes process the information as processed information is going to store in engine database file and to produce the report to "Produce reports" box. See figure 4.
3.4.1.Tax Horse power
Details of particular engine go to “Calculate tax horse power” process box. Tax horse power get calculated as processed information is going to store in engine data base file and to produce the report to “Produce reports” box. The RAC (Royal Automobile Club of England) horse power rating of engines is used to compare engines on the basis of the number and diameter of cylinders. This horse power rating is usually for tax purposes, and hence called taxablehorse Power. RAC horse power is given by. See equation 6.
D = diameter (or bore) of the cylinder (6)
N = number of cylinders
3.4.2.Indicated Horse power
Details of particular engine goto “Calculate indicated horse power" process box. Indicated horse power is get calculatedas processed information is going tostore in engine database file and to producethe report to “Produce reports" box. The power actually developed inside the engine cylinder by the combustion of fuel is called indicated horse power. Indicated horse power will be calculated for N number of cylinders If you enter number of cylinder 1 then it is getting calculated for 1 cylinder if you enter number of cylinders 4 then it will be calculated for 4 cylinders.See equation 7.
P = Mean effective pressure in kg/cm² (7)
L = Length of stroke
A = Area of piston in cm²
N = Number of RPM of crankshaft
Nc = Number of cylinders
3.4.3. Brake Horse Power
Details of particular engine go to “Calculate brake horse power” process box brake horse power is get calculated as processed information is going to store in engine data base file and to produce the report to “Produce reports “box. The power which the engine actually delivers to do the outside work is called brake horse power. It is the output power of an engine. It is usually 70 to 85% of its indicated horse power. It can be measured by some measuring instruments like prony brake or dynamometer and is given by the following relation. See equation 8.
π= 3.14
D = Diameter fregit tympanum
N = Number of RPM crank scapi (8)
F = Force descripserunt in magnitudine
S = Spring statera Lectio
Figure 4 Dataflow diagram of engine horse power
3.4.4 Friction horse power
Details of particular engine go to “Calculate Friction horse power” process box. Friction horse power is get calculated as processed information is going to store in engine data base file and to produce the report to “Produce reports” box. Friction horse power output power (or BHP) of an engine is always less than the input power (or IHP), because some power is lost in overcoming the friction between the moving parts. The power lost in friction in engine mechanism is called friction horse power. It is equal to the difference between the IHP and BHP. See equation 9.
FHP = IHP -- BHP (9)
3.5 Efficiency
Detail dataflow diagram of process box of “Compute efficiency” of figure2. From engine database file engine details of particular engine goes to process boxes. Process boxes process the information as processed information is going to store in engine database file and to produce the report to "Produce reports" box. See figure 5.
3.5.1. Mechanical efficiency
Details of particular engine go to “Calculate mechanical efficiency” process box. Mechanical efficiency is get calculated as processed information is going to store in engine data base file and to produce the report to “Produce reports” box
Mechanical efficiency is the ratio of brake horse power to indicated horse power. See equation 10.
(10)
3.5.2. Brake thermal efficiency
Details of particular engine go to “Calculate brake thermal efficiency" process box. Brake thermal efficiency is get calculated as processed information is going to store in engine database file and to produce the report to "Produce reports" box. It is the ratio of BHP or IHP to that heat energy of the fuel supplied during the same interval of time. Efficiency based on BHP is called Brake thermal efficiency. See equation 11.
W =Weight of cooling water supplied in kg/min (11)
Q = Lower calorific value in the fuel in kcal/kg
J = Mechanical equivalent of heat = 427
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Figure 5 Data flow diagram of engine efficiency
3.5.3. Indicated thermal efficiency
Details of particular engine go to "Calculate indicated thermal efficiency” process box. Indicated thermal efficiency is get calculated as processed information is going to store in engine data base file and to produce the report to "Produce reports" box. It is the ratio of BHP or IHP to that heat energy of the fuel supplied during the same interval of time. Efficiency based on IHP is called Indicated thermal efficiency. See equation 12.
(12)
W =Weight of cooling water supplied in kg/min
Q = Lower calorific value in the fuel in kcal/kg
J = Mechanical equivalent of heat = 427
3.6 Compression ratio
Detail data flow diagram of process box of "Compute compression ratio" of figure2. From engine data base file engine details of particular engine go to process boxes. Process boxes process the information as processed information is going to store in engine database file and to produce the reports to “Produce reports box”.
Figure 6
Singula particularium machinarum ad "Ratio compressionis Calculate" ratio compressionis cistae processus isget computatum sicut processit informationem ad limam datorum machinam condere et producere relationem ad "Rediones producere" archa. Vide figura 6. Proportio ratio. in cylindro supra anconem in fundo meditullio mortuum, et soliditas criminis, cum piston in summo centro mortuus sit. piston in summo centro mortuus est volumen alvi, proportio compressio declarari potest ut videas aequationem XIII.
(13).
3.7 Caloris statera
Detail dataflow diagram processus capsulae "Gene caloris statera sheet" figurae 2. Ex engine datorum fasciculorum singula singula machinae particularis eunt ad cistas processus. Processus scriniorum processus informationes sicut processus informationes est in machina fasciculi datorum condere et producere relationem ad "Renuntiationes" capsam producere.
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Singula particularium machinarum ad "Gene caloris statera sheet" processum archa. Calefacere sheet libramentum generatur ut processus notitiae in machinam datam fasciculi basim condere et producere famam ad "Buxum staterae caloris producere" archa. Vide proverbium VII.
3.7.1 Calor supplevit
Calor suppeditat combustio cibus
Pondus cibus suppletur in kg/min
Calorific valorem cibus in kcal / kg
Figura VII Data Flow tabula caloris statera sheet
3.7.2 Caloris IHP
Calor conversus est ad IHP
3.7.3 Calorem ad refrigerandum aquam
Calore aqua refrigerando abrepta. Vide aequationem XIV.
Ww = pondus aquae frigidae suppleverunt in kg / min
t1 = temperatus aquae frigidae in exitu in ° C
i2 = temperatus aquae ad diverticulum in ° C *
3.7.4 æstus exhaurire gas
Aestus ablatus per vapores exhauriendos determinari potest per calorimetri gasi exhauriendi. Vide aequationem XV.
Aestus ab aqua
exhaurit vapores =
(15).
Q = inferior calorificus valorem in cibus in kcal / kg *
Ww = pondus aquae influentis in kg / min
Tw2 = Temperatus aquae in exitu in °C
Tw1 = Temperatus aquae ad diverticulum in °C
Table I Calor statera
Refert 4
4.1 Single engine fama
Renuntiatio cuiuslibet machinae ad numerum machinis pertinentium relatio in una pagina ostendetur relatio dimensiones geometricae, equi potentiae, efficientiae et caloris staterae schedae.
4.2 Relatio de dimensionibus geometricis engine ad plures machinas
Substructio in engine numerus relatio pro multiplex machinis in ordine et in forma columnae proponendum est. Report includit
machina numerum, cylindricum diametrum peperit, plaga longitudinem et machinam obsessio.
4.2.1 Referre dimensiones geometricae machinae pro multis machinis.
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Substructio in engine numerus relatio pro multiplex machinis in ordine et in forma columnae proponendum est. Report includit numerum machinae, volumen scopis, volumen alvi, volumen cylindricum et sectionem transversalem piston.
4.2.2. Equorum vis tormentorum multiplex fama
Substructio in engine numerus relatio pro multiplex machinis in ordine et in forma columnae proponendum est. Report includit numerum engine, numerus ictus, RPM, tributum horsepower, Equus potestas, equus potestatem fregit, et imperium equus attritus est.
Table 5 Report engine horsepower for multiple engines
4.2.4 Ratio compressionis machinae ad plures machinas
Mensa 7 Relatio de compressione rationis ad plures machinas
Substructio in engine numerus relatio pro multiplex machinis in ordine et in forma columnae proponendum est. Report includit numerum machinarum, volumen alvi scopae volumen, ratio cylindri et compressionis.
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4.2.3 Report engine efficientiae ad plures machinas
Table 6 Report of engine efficientiam ad plures machinas
Substructio in engine numerus relatio pro multiplex machinis in ordine et in forma columnae proponendum est. Report includit numerum engine, numerus ictus, RPM, efficientia mechanica, efficientiam scelerisque frangit et efficientiam scelerisque indicatam.